iGCSEyr10Physics

iGCSE Year 10 Physics

[|Combined Science (Core)]

( http://www.cie.org.uk/images/167051-2016-syllabus.pdf )
 * [|New iGCSE specification]**

- SUMMARY OF THE COURSE


 * __ Unit no. __ ||  __ Unit title __  ||  __ Duration (approximate) __  ||
 * 3 ||  Heating process  ||  6 weeks  ||
 * 2 ||  Waves  ||  6 weeks  ||
 * 1 ||  Forces and their effects  ||  6 weeks  ||
 * || Investigative skills  ||  Throughout the course  ||

(This document is “work in progress” and it is constantly updated)

===Time This is a suggested period of duration for each part of the unit. It is not intended to be rigid and more time is spent on a particular area if the needs of the pupils necessitate it. ===

Risk In any practical work risk assessment is crucial, the key is as follows:

 * ===B: Minor risk from hot objects (burns) === ||
 * ===E: minor risk from electrical equipment === ||
 * ===N: no significant risk === ||
 * ===S: specific risk assessment === ||
 * ===H: minor risk from heavy objects === ||

In year 10, students are usually split into three groups: 10Y is the single science group. The double science group is split into 10X and 10XX.

Homework
Students are given the chapter from the book. They are asked to read it, make notes on it and answer all the questions. They are also occasionally asked to complete classwork and plot graphs. During outings week they are asked to research their ISA Hypothesis and complete the Research notes sheet.


 * Textbook: Nelson Thornes: AQA Science A; Jim Breithaupt et al. **
 * Lesson allocation: 2 **** ´ **** 80 minutes per week for two terms (in rotation). **
 * Homework allocation: 2 x 30 minutes per week **

 New iGCSE order [|IGCSE-DOUBLE-AWARD specification] [|science-double-award-8404] Throughout the course, students will be taught: experimental and investigative skills, mathematical skills and learn about the units of physical quantities. **(inc. homework)** || **Assessment** || **Different-** **iation** ||  **Resources**  ||  **Risk**  || 3.1 Kinetic Theory Explaining the states of matter using the Kinetic theory Energy in the three states of matter Explaining temperature – time graphs <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Specific Heat Capacity <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">E = m x c x theta <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Specific Latent Heat of Vaporisation <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">E = m x Lv <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Specific Latent Heat of fusion <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">E = m x Lf <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Melting and boiling points are affected by impurities || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Solids, liquids and gases have different properties. The arrangement of particles in solids, liquids and gases give rise to their properties, eg density, ability to float etc
 * =Week= || **Learning Objectives**  ||  **Learning Activities/Strategies**
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">1 || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">P3: Heating Process


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Specific heat capacity **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">: Energy required to increase the temperature of an object depends on its mass. Each material has a different specific heat capacity. Storage heaters store and release energy.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">[]

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Cooling expt with Stearic acid (mp 56 oC) <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Plot cooling curves and find solidifying temperature.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Finding the specific heat capacity of water. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Using an electric heater in an insulated beaker of water.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Find the specific heat capacity of metal cylinders. || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Find the specific latent heat of fusion and vaporization for water and one or two other substances.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">How long to “boil a kettle”? <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">How long before the water evaporates? ||  ||   ||   || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Conduction and Convection <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Arrangement and movement of particles in Conduction and convection <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Role of free electrons in conduction <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Energy transfer in evaporation and condensation <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Factors affecting evaporation <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Factors affecting the rate of heating <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Design of devices eg: cooling fins <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Animal adaptation in energy transfers <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Rate of heat loss and temperature difference <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Expansion in heating (bimetallic strip) || **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">1.4 Conduction **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">: Conduction is a process of energy transfer by heating. Metals are good conductors because they have free electrons that carry energy. Non-metal solids are generally poor conductors because they rely on atomic vibrations to carry energy.
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">3.2 Energy transfer by heating

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Metal rods covered in Vaseline being heated in a Bunsen burner. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">1.5 **Convection**: Convection currents are the movement of particles in fluids. How convection currents carry energy in fluids. Expansion and changes in density cause convection currents.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Model of a room with a candle to show convection

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Cooling of water in beakers of different sizes.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">1.6 **Evaporation and condensation**: Evaporation is the change of state from liquid and gas. The reverse is condensation. How to increase and decrease evaporation and condensation. Cooling occurs during evaporation.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">1.7 **Energy transfer by design**: Factors that affect the rate of energy transfer. Ways of controlling the flow of energy. How to increase or reduce the rate of energy flow. Plan investigations in the rate of energy transfer.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">The vacuum flask. ||  ||   ||   ||   || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">All objects emit IR radiation <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Amount of IR depends on temperature and colour <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Reflection and absorption of IR radiation || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">1.1 **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Infrared radiation: **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">infra red radiation is the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves. All objects emit and absorb infrared radiation. The amount of infrared radiation increases with the temperature of the object. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Using infrared detector.
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">3.3 Infrared radiation

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">LogIt software.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Using thermopile.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">1.2**Surfaces and radiation**: Matt black surfaces are the best absorbers and emitters of infrared radiation. Shiny surfaces are the worst emitters, worst absorbers but best reflectors of infrared radiation. ||  ||   ||   ||   || Energy can be transferred / stored but not created or destroyed Useful and wasted energy Efficiency of a device Sankey diagrams || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">2.1 **Forms of energy**: Different forms of energy. How energy is transferred in common situations. Gravitational potential energy is often changed to kinetic energy.
 * || ====<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">3.4 Energy transfers and efficiency ====

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">2.2 **Conservation of energy**: Energy is conserved in all energy transfers.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">2.3 **Useful energy**: Energy is usually wasted as heat to the surroundings. Wasted heat energy spreads around and is no longer useful.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">2.4 **Energy and efficiency**: Efficiency means how effective is a machine in doing useful work. How to measure the efficiency of a motor. How to calculate the efficiency of a range of devices. How can we reduce energy consumption.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Efficiency of electrical heaters, heating a beaker of water. ||  ||   ||   ||   || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Solar panels <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Methods for reducing energy loss and consumption <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">U-Values measure conductivity || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">1.9 **Heating and insulating buildings**: Various methods of reducing energy flow from a house. Insulating properties can be measured using U values. Solar heating has no fuel costs but can be initially expensive.
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">3.5 Heating and Insulating buildings

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Sankey Diagrams ||  ||   ||   ||   || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">2.1: General properties of waves <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Waves transfer energy <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Transverse and longitudinal waves <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">General properties of e/m waves <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Waves can be reflected, refracted and diffracted <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">When identical waves overlap they interfere <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Wavelength, amplitude, frequency, Period <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">V = f x lamda || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">P2: Waves
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">P2: Waves

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">5.1 **The nature of waves**: Waves transfer energy from one place to another without the transfer of matter. Waves are either mechanical or electromagnetic. Mechanical waves can be both transverse or longitudinal, but electromagnetic waves are always transverse.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">5.2 Measuring waves: Waves can be described by their wavelength, frequency, amplitude and speed. Speed = frequency x wavelength.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">5.3 **Wave properties: reflection**: Learn about ray diagrams and the Normal line. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle or reflection.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">5.4 **wave properties: refraction**: Refraction is the change of direction of a wave at the interface between different materials. Refraction occurs because of a change in speed. A prism disperses white light into a spectrum.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">5.5 **wave properties: diffraction**: Diffraction in the spreading of waves when they pass an obstacle or through a gap. Diffraction is a maximum when the gap is similar to the wavelength. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> ||  ||   ||   ||   || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Order of e/m waves in terms of energy, frequency, wavelength <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Appreciate orders of magnitude of wavelength
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">8 || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">2.2 The electromagnetic spectrum

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Radio, microwaves, infra red and visible can be used for communications <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Uses of electromagnetic waves <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Dangers of electromagnetic waves <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Uses and properties of X-rays || **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> **

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">6.1 **The electromagnetic spectrum**: The different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. All electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed in vacuum or air. Velocity = frequency x wavelength

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">6.2 **Light, infrared, microwaves and radio waves**: The ways in which infrared, light, microwaves and radio are used in communications.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Using the microwave transmitter / receiver to show properties of microwaves.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">6.3 **Communications**: That microwaves and short wave radio waves are used in mobile phone networks. ||  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">UV light torch

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">Microwave transmitter <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">Microwave receiver <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">Microwave kit <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">Old X-ray tube

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">Radioactive rocks <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">Geiger Muller tube <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">Geiger counter

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">Solar cells <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">Leads <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">Voltmeters || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> : Electromagnetic waves

NASA Videos: Light is a tiny section: [] Tour of the Spectrum: [] <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">[|tour of the spectrum] ||  || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Nature and properties of sound waves <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Range of human hearing <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Pitch and loudness / frequency, amplitude <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Sound can be reflected and diffracted || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">5.6 **sound**: the human ear has a range from 20 to 20000 Hertz. Sound requires a medium to travel so it doesn’t travel in space. Difference between light and sound waves. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">9 || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">2.3: Sound

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">5.7 **musical sounds**: The pitch of a sound increases as the frequency increases. The loudness of a sound increases as the amplitude increases. ||  ||   ||   ||   || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Rule for reflection <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Use of the Normal <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Image in a mirror <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Constructing ray diagrams ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">The Doppler Effect in light, sound or microwaves <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">The Doppler Effect in observing galaxies
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">2.4 Reflection
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">2.5 Red-Shift

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Evidence for the Big Bang <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation || **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">6.4 **The expanding universe**: The Universe is a vast collection of billions of galaxies each containing billions of solar systems. The velocity of distant galaxies can be measured by analyzing the red-shift of light coming from them. The evidence from red shift analysis shows that the universe is expanding. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">6.5 **The Big Bang**: The Universe is thought to have begun with an awesome event called the Big Bang. The expansion of the Universe supports the Big Bang theory. The cosmic background radiation Is a primary piece of evidence supporting the Big Bang theory. ||  ||   ||   ||   || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">1.1Motion <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Vectors and scalars <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Distance time graphs <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Velocity and acceleration <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Velocity-time graphs || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">1.1 Distance – time graphs <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">How to interpret the gradient of a distance time graph
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">P1: Forces and their effects
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">P1: Forces and their effects

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">1.2 Velocity and acceleration <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Acceleration is the gradient of a velocity time graph. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Ticker timers and ticker tapes. <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Plotting distance-time and velocity-time graphs

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">1.3 more about velocity – time graphs <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">gradient of a distance time graph is speed and the area under a velocity time graph is distance travelled.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">1.4 Using graphs ||  ||   ||   ||   || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Action and reaction <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Resultant forces <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">F=m x a || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">2.1 Forces between objects <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Forces between objects are equal and opposite.
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">1.1 Resultant forces

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">2.2 Resultant force <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">A non zero resultant force will cause an acceleration

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">2.3 Force and acceleration <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Force equals mass times acceleration

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Trolleys attached to weights pulling them through a pulley. Use of ticker timers or light gates.

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<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> ||  ||   ||   ||   || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">P=m x v <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Conservation of momentum <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">F = rate of change of momentum || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">3.4 Momentum <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Momentum = mass x velocity
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">1.3: Momentum

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Measuring momentum of rolling balls or trolleys down an inclined plane. ||  ||   ||   ||   || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Balances forces at constant speed <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Forces needed to stop a moving vehicle <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Stopping distance <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Reaction time, thinking distance <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Energy changes during braking <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Factors affecting braking distance || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">2.4 On the road <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">The resultant force on a car travelling at constant speed is zero. ||  ||   ||   ||   || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Forces in a fluid <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Terminal velocity <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">W = m x g || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">2.5 Falling objects <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">When an object falls in a fluid it accelerates until the forces balance and it reaches a constant terminal velocity. ||  ||   ||   ||   || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Effect of force on an object (including shape) <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Hooke’s Law and elastic behaviour || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">2.6 Stretching and squashing <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">The force on a spring is proportional to the extension produced, up to the limit of proportionality.
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">1.4 Forces and braking
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">1.5Forces and terminal velocity
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">1.6: Forces and elasticity

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Springs being stretched by weights. Plotting force v extension graphs. ||  ||   ||   ||   || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Work done when forces cause movement <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> W = F x d <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Work done against friction <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Power = Work done divided by time <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Gpe = m x g x h <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> KE = ½ x m x v2 <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Kinetic energy in cars and road safety || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">3.1 Energy and work <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">When a force is used to move an object, work is done against friction, often resulting in heat being produced.
 * || <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">1.7: Forces and energy

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Work done in pulling objects along the bench.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">3.2 Gravitational potential energy <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Gpe = mass x gravity x height

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Calculating their own gravitational potential energy and work being done when doing step ups on a stool.

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">3.3 Kinetic energy <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">KE = ½ x mass x (velocity)2

<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Measure speed of rolling ball down a runway v height of runway. ||  ||   ||   ||   ||
 * ||  || **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Investigative Skills **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">: Observations can be used to make a hypothesis. Hypothesis can generate predictions that can be tested experimentally. Designing a fair test. Recognise variables: Independent, Dependent and control variables.Make a risk assessment and reduce risk in experiments. ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * ||  || **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Investigative Skills **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">: Decide the best range of variables. Ensure accuracy, precision and repeatability Relate the resolution of the instrument to accuracy. Present data accurately. Plot lines of best fit. Use the date and graphs to draw valid conclusions.Relate findings of investigations to every day life. ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * ||  || **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Investigative Skills **<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">: Decide the best range of variables. Ensure accuracy, precision and repeatability Relate the resolution of the instrument to accuracy. Present data accurately. Plot lines of best fit. Use the date and graphs to draw valid conclusions.Relate findings of investigations to every day life. ||   ||   ||   ||   ||

3. Heating process 2. Waves 1. Forces and their effects

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